Description Of A Sociological Autobiography - 2484 Words

Sociological Autobiography Introduction Man is a product of the culture in which he is born and brought up. For the same reason, no one can negate the influence of the society in forming one’s personality. I am well aware of the fact that my views, thoughts, and attitude have been shaped by the society I live in; hence, any attempt to sketch my personal experiences would be incomplete without referring to the part played by my surroundings. Throughout my life, I have paid utmost importance to initiating and maintaining interpersonal relationships with others. I had to face varied situations out there, both joyous and depressing. However, each instance was a great lesson for me to learn several things about my practical life – I wouldn’t be exaggerating when I say that I have learned more outside the four walls of my classroom than within them. My autobiography is closely associated with my social connections including my experiences with my family, educational institution, and the larger society I resi de within. My development as an individual can be defined in terms of many sociological concepts. Deviance is one among them, which refers to any violation of social norms by an individual. These violations can range from minor to major. However, since it is designed by social norms, it is quite relative. The concept of deviance can change from one society to another (Henslin, 2015). As stated, I have had plentiful chances to interact with society from an early age, whichShow MoreRelatedHistory Can Be Studied And Recorded3273 Words   |  14 PagesHistory can be studied and recorded in a multitude of ways. Historical autobiographies offer insight into personal stories of the past but raises the question of whether or not these individual histories have been skewed by memory. Historians can learn about more than just historical events by reading historical autobiographies. Autobiographical accounts are a unique form of history in which the reader takes on the perspective of the author and has t he opportunity to get a first-hand glimpse of theirRead MoreA Comparative Analysis of Armies of the Night and The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test in Regards to New Journalism2190 Words   |  9 Pagesof the time, while set in the style of New Journalism. When examined closer, though, it becomes apparent that these novels represent two very different sides of New Journalism – Armies of the Night an autobiography with personal and political motivations, The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test a sociological piece which tries to capture the essence of its subjects rather than the absolute facts. By looking at the form and style which the novels were written in and the motives behind Mailer’s Armies of theRead MoreEssay William Edward Burghardt Du Bois or W.E.B. 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Tracing Beauvoirs shift from her apolitical position of 1927 to the feminist engagement of The Second Sex points to the influence of the African-American writer, Richard Wright, whose description of the lived experience of oppression of blacks in America, and whose challengeRead MoreMelting Pot6314 Words   |  26 Pagesshines, not only upon the good, but upon the evil, that they may become good; and like the rain, its blessings descend , not only upon the just, but upon the unjust, that their injustice may depart from them and be known no more. This flowery description of the possibilities inherent in a system of free schools was to become part of American political ideology. Public schooling was seen as having the power to recreate and reform European immigrants into respectable, tractable, productive AmericanRead MoreThe Need to Belong: Rediscovering Maslows Hierarchy of Needs.6034 Words   |  25 Pagessharply the pangs of loneliness, of ostracism, of rejection of friendlessness, of rootlessness. We have very little scientific information about the belongingness need, although this is a common theme in novels, autobiographies, poems and plays and also in the newer sociological literature. From these we know in a general way the destructive effects on children of moving too often: of disorientation: of the general over-mobility that is forced by industrialization: of being without roots, orRead MoreHumanities11870 Words   |  48 Pageswith / Dactyl tri / syllable./ Iam / bics march from short / to long;/ With a leap / and a bound / the swift Anapests throng./ (Constel) MODULE 6: PROSE Here is a listing of a few of the genres written in nonfiction with brief description of their characteristic structures, techniques, and subject matters. As you read a literary work, make a note of what structures, techniques, and organizing principles have been utilized that are characteristic of that genre. (Shaffer, 2000) Genre:Read MoreMethods of Qualitative of Data Collection19658 Words   |  79 PagesObservation Observation entails the systematic noting and recording of events, behaviors, and artifacts (objects) in the social setting chosen for study. The observational record is frequently referred to as field notes—detailed, nonjudgmental, concrete descriptions of what has been observed. For studies relying exclusively on observation, the researcher makes no special effort to have a particular role in the setting; to be tolerated as an unobtrusive observer is enough. Classroom studies are one exampleRead MoreReceived Pronunciation: Historical Background and Application17580 Words   |  71 Pagesrepresent some sort of standard, at least for British English. This paper proposes to look at the phenomenon â€Å"RP† from different perspectives, trying to pin it down, numerous descriptions have been published of this style, and endless material has been produced on its status, significance, and ongoing changes. Descriptions have almost exclusively been of the segmental order, and it’s debatable whether this does justice to any speech style. Traditionally, RP is a manufactured accent of English whichRead MoreThe Role of Strategic Groups in Understanding Strategic Human Resource Management15467 Words   |  62 Pagescollection of company documentation, observations and interactions with the administrative teams (Robson, 2002). Documentation included HRM policies, performance appraisal forms, training manuals, organisational charts, company communications, job descriptions, succession plans and demonstrations and hard copies of HR databases. The interview 520 International hotel companies Suggested strategy and methods of growth Differentiation strategies – based on the power of the company’s hotel brand name

The Meeting s Chair, Welcomed Everyone - 1663 Words

1. Introductions Kristin, the meeting’s chair, welcomed everyone. New members: †¢ Ronald Coleman is the new Service Coordinator. He has 14 years of service with Probation. †¢ Barbara Dickinson (not present) is from the Public Defender Office, she is replacing Audrey Brown. 2. Strategic Planning Update a. Strategic Initiatives †¢ Ginni reported the every 6 months updates are done with operational staff regarding strategic planning. This is the end of year two. Ginni reported the focus has been on 4 areas: i. Refine Volunteer Commitment: utilizing youth and volunteers, bringing in the best volunteers give them the best training and retaining volunteers, attrition is a huge issue when you have people exiting, and when you always trying to get new volunteers. ii. Seamless Integration of Technology: money was spent for a smart TV, wireless laptop for outreach and presentations, a number of computers, a new telephone to make conference calls, and working on other refinements with board member that is an IT guru over at Clorox. iii. Organization Culture of Support: providing the support to staff, to deal with everything it takes to do this job. It involves continuing education, professional development, and support for trauma issues that they may encounter dealing with these difficult cases sometimes. Doing things to make the work environment a good place to be since we see each other daily. iv. Measurable Outcomes to Drive Program: There was a growth strategy group that wasShow MoreRelat ed322 Plan and Organise Meetings1184 Words   |  5 Pagesand organise meetings 1. Understand the arrangements and actions required for planning and organising meetings 1.1 Explain the role of the person planning and organising a meeting To identify a suitable time and venue. Order refreshments and arrange for equipment as required. To canvas for availability to ensure suitable attendance To circulate agenda and any other papers Point of contact for further information, apologies etc. 1.2 Describe the different types of meetings and their mainRead MoreThe Problem Of Narcotics Anonymous1506 Words   |  7 PagesEveryone has an addiction, whether it’s an addiction to a drug or just needing your phone at all times. Growing up I saw AA meetings portrayed in movies and on tv shows, and I thought AA was the only recovery group out there. To my surprise AA isn t the only group out there for addicts. I chose NA because a few people I know are sober or in recovery, and I felt it was important to know about the culture. Learning about Narcotics Anonymous was almost like a culture shock in itself to me because IRead MoreEssay on Attendence of an Aa Meeting in March 20081092 Words   |  5 Pagesthis meeting is for the attendants to stay sober and help other members achieve and/or maintain sobriety. The only requirement of attending is the desire to stop drinking. It was an open speaker meeting which meant that alcoholics and nonalcoholics were welcomed to attend. Th is meeting was the type of meeting the members of A.A. share their stories, their problems with alcohol, what brought them there, and how their life has modified since attending A.A.. There was a bunch of tables and chairs setRead MoreFree Not Profit Program ( Aa ) Essay923 Words   |  4 Pagesresource, it is beneficial to us to attend a few local meeting sites. The first location attend was at the Desert Club, 4305 Mesa Grande SE, Albuquerque, N.M., is the Morning Meeting of the High Moon group. The meeting was held on Friday, January 22, 2016 at 9:00am. There were 19 men and 5 women in attendance in addition to myself and another current classmate from GCU. From my observation, it was one individual’s first day and the group welcomed him and provided him with informational handouts andRead MoreAa Meeting Reaction Paper1093 Words   |  5 Pages Alcoholics Anonymous Meeting Reaction Paper I attended an A.A. meeting on April 5, 2010. Before the meeting I seemed very anxious. This was not my first meeting I have been to meetings before but they all seem to make me nervous. When I arrived the nervousness had eased off because everyone had made me feel welcomed. I was made to feel like a part of their family from the beginning to the end of the meeting. I seemed to have realized I missed going to these meetings and I miss the fellowshipRead MoreNA Reaction paper1370 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Narcotics Anonymous (NA) meeting Reaction Paper Denisha Hightower Morgan State University Dr. Anthony Estreet 4/15/15 The Narcotics Anonymous meeting which I attended was named 7 Days of NA which was located on 1212 North Wolfe Street at an organization called Dee’s Place. Just as the Alcoholic Anonymous meeting previously attended, the location appeared to be in a covert and quiet place to hold a support group. We entered through the rear entrance, which seemed to be staged thatRead MoreAn Outsider s Perspective On An Alcoholics Anonymous Meeting Essay1683 Words   |  7 PagesAnonymous Meeting I was given this assignment to do as an observation on an Alcoholics Anonymous Meeting and had to write a paper on what I have observed. I did not know if I could do this without feeling self-indulgence toward the members. After speaking to a member, I could not believe the sensation of listening to that person’s short history of battling Alcoholism. I m glad to be there to learn their negative and positive outcomes in their lives. Group Information I attended a meeting of AlcoholicsRead MoreMy Experience At The Aa Meeting1853 Words   |  8 PagesWhen I first signed up for the AA meeting I had my own thoughts about what it would be like, but I was in for a big shocker. I signed up for an AA meeting at 2749 E Diana @ S Rio Vista off of E Lincoln on Tuesday at 7:00 pm. It was a women only meeting because I thought it would be more comfortable for me to attend. This was what I had imagined in my head that it would be like, I would come into a big building with tons of rooms that had separate meetings going on with different speakers. KeepingRead MoreThe Lordship Of Jesus Christ1631 Words   |  7 Pagesdesignated tables and chairs according to their premerger backgrounds and groupings. There are congregants who support the current senior pastor’s vision for the money and land the Evangelical United Brethren Church brought into the merger, and others who oppose the desires of the senior pastor, claiming that he is only int erested in seeing that his personal wishes are carried out in the church. I shared some thoughts about this issue at an Administrative Council meeting, believing that by bringingRead MoreHow Teams Can Help Leaders Increase Levels Of Innovation2682 Words   |  11 Pages Team-Based Creativity Introduction In the early 2016, the LEGO Group announced that its revenue increased by 25.2% in the financial year 2015. The company?s strategy of globalizing had a positive impact on the results. According to its annual report, because of its globalizing strategy, LEGO reached new consumers in new places of the world. New products take around 60% of total sales each year. The biggest reason of this continues success is the innovative and consumer-oriented development process

How Organizations Overcome Environmental Changes free essay sample

How organizations overcome environmental changes? Organisations need to deal with environmental changes with appropriate strategies. First, organisations may choose to wait and see. Such strategy has its advantages and disadvantages. For example, facing a significant technological change, some companies may choose to integrate the new technology into their products. If they are successful, the rest companies’ ‘wait and see’ strategy is obviously unwise. However, if they failed, the rest companies’ ‘wait and see’ strategy appears wise. As a result, strategic decision making is impacted on and opportunities may either be lost or capitalised on. Second, organisations may choose to change in response to environmental changes through either proactive or reactive. Proactive change involves actively attempting to make alterations to the work place and its practices. Companies that take a proactive approach to change are often trying to avoid a potential future threat or to capitalize on a potential future opportunity. Reactive change occurs when an organization makes changes in its practices after some threat or opportunity has already occurred in the external environment. As an example of the difference, assume that a hotel executive learns about the increase in the number of Malaysians who want to travel with their pets. The hotel executive creates a plan to reserve certain rooms in many hotel locations for travelers with pets and to advertise this new amenity, even before travelers begin asking about such accommodations. This would be a proactive response to change because it was made in anticipation of customer demand. However, a reactive approach to change would occur if hotel executives had waited to enact such a change until many hotel managers had received repeated requests from guests to accommodate their pets and were denied rooms. In reality, companies may use a combination of both proactive and reactive approaches. Proactive approach is highly common when an industry is new with little or no change. The bellwether company entering the industry is making all of the strategic decisions or being proactive. However, because of its success, competitors gradually enter the market, resulting in the turbulent change of the competitive environment. Consequently, the reactive change is on the part of the new competitors as well as the bellwether company. To overcome environmental changes, companies may also choose the merger or acquisition strategy. A merger is defined as the joining of two or more organizations to constitute a new combined, legal entity. An acquisition is defined as the purchase of more than 50 percent of the voting shares of one organization by another, but the two organizations are still separate legal entities with the acquiring organization running as the parent company and another as a subsidiary. For example, recent study discloses that the merger and acquisition strategy in the global automobile industry will be further enhanced in the near future in order to deal with the threat of global financial crisis which decreased the consumers’ disposable income and increased the debt of auto makers and suppliers that have to save their organisations through merger and acquisition Ddiscuss the importance of organisational culture in strategy implementation Organisational culture can be defined â€Å"as the system of shared beliefs and values that guide and direct the behaviour of members, can have a strong influence on daily organisational behaviour and performance. † (1) Reflection to leadership Successful strategy implementation needs strategic leadership. Strategic leadership is the ability of influencing others to voluntarily make decisions that enhance prospects for the organisation’s long-term success while maintaining short-term financial stability. It includes determining the firm’s strategic direction, aligning the firm’s strategy with its culture, modelling and communicating high ethical standards, and initiating, shaping and implementing changes in the firm’s strategy, when necessary. Strategic leadership sets the firm’s direction by developing and communicating a vision of future and inspires the organization’s members to move in that direction. (2) Enable to create mission vision The vision is the source and the main idea of a company. The mission aims to give the direction which presents the unique scope of business, its vision and specific competence competitive advantages, and to tell employees, consumers, and shareholder what the firm is. For example, IBM’s vision is: solutions for a small planet. Mission is: At IBM, we strive to lead in the invention, development and manufacture of the industrys most advanced information technologies, including computer systems, software, storage systems and microelectronics. Create a shared vision to manage strategic change: objectives and vision of both individuals and organization should coincide. There should be no conflict between them. Senior managers need to constantly and consistently communicate the vision not only to inform but also to overcome resistance through proper communication. Strategy implementers have to convince all those concerned that the change is not superficial. The actions taken have to be credible, highly visible and unmistakably indicative of management’s seriousness to new strategic initiatives and associated changes. 3) Help to create a better strategy (4) Staff motivation Strategy implementation requires special motivation to achieve objectives. The motivation system functions according to the qualities and mechanisms of motivation, which is developed during the stage of entry strategy preparation. First and foremost, this system has to inspire employees involved in the process of strategy development and implementat ion to orient their mindset toward a strategic way of thinking. Formalizing the strategic motivation system includes establishing a system of daily incentives for employees, especially those who are responsible for strategy development and implementation. The formal system is presented in a document, where all suggestions about motivation and incentives are developed and described. It includes all moral, social, and financial instruments of motivation of individual employees and groups of employees. Special recognition and awards should be given to those who go above and beyond in creating and implementing strategic ideas. (5) Increase or enhance adaptability skills

Writing a Personal Statement Essay for Volunteer Job

Writing a Personal Statement Essay for Volunteer Job Just like with CVs, even if the volunteering job post doesn’t require submission of motivation letter, it doesn’t mean you won’t have to send it. The interviewer can ask you to send CV + motivation letter or essay upon the completion of the interview. That’s why it’s highly important to think about writing a  personal  statement at the very beginning. This will give you time to decide what to write, how to write it, and make sure the motivation letter is well-crafted before you send an email. Although it seems like volunteering motivation letter is easy to write, it still holds a trap that you should avoid. When it comes to this type of program, most people focus only on their desire to help, contribute, learn etc. Although all these qualities are great, you shouldn’t make your motivation letter to them only. Instead, to make it stand out, do the opposite – compose a highly professional motivation letter that will STILL depict your positive characteristics. Step 1 The very first paragraph of the motivation letter should be similar to the beginning of an essay for paid position – introduce yourself as well as program wherein you want to participate. Step 2 The second paragraph should focus on your previous job experiences and accomplishments in both volunteers and paid positions. Your goal here is to show you are capable of performing tasks they might give you. But also, it’s important to demonstrate that you do understand the program and its challenges. Incorporating both paid and volunteer positions into the same paragraph is used for making a connection between the two. Both positions are similar and different at the same time. Step 3 If you have achievements or important accomplishments, feel free to include them. Let’s say you worked for some financial company for a limited period of time and you were still voted an employee of the month. It’s an amazing achievement and could definitely bring you closer to the program, particularly if you apply for volunteering program in a field of finances and economy. Step 4 Once you complete the â€Å"professional† segment (work experiences + achievements etc.) it’s time to focus on your personality. Describe your attitude towards work and other people in a few sentences. Be precise and specific. Step 5 End the motivation letter stating the recipient should feel free to contact you for more info. Also, emphasize your availability and interest to become a part of the program. When you’re done, reread the motivation letter, correct all typos or grammatical mistakes and that’s it. The word count doesn’t really matter here, but don’t make it too long. In fact, 500 words should be a maximum. If you are not sure about your ability to write a statement it is normal to ask professional writing service Help me write my personal statement.

The Right to Die, and Doctor-Assisted Suicide free essay sample

The Mission of Late Dr. Jack Kevorkian Imagine a patient in a hospital suffering from the AIDS disease. And since his diagnosis he has suffered from two bouts of pneumonia, chronic, severe sinus and skin infections, severe seizures, and extreme fatigue. Seventy percent of his vision is already lost, and the disease has gone terminal. He has requested that his doctor prescribe him medicine that would kill him thus ending his suffering. This is exactly what Dr. Jack Kevorkian has been fighting for his entire life. To shed positive light upon the controversial subject of Physician-Assisted Suicide. A little back story on Dr. Jack Kevorkian. Kevorkian was the son of Armenian refugees who came to America to escape the Turkish genocide. His early talents ranged from hand-made woodwork, linguistics, to science experiments conducted in his basement. He then became a pathologist, devoting his life to the unusual task of showing the positives and social benefits from death. We will write a custom essay sample on The Right to Die, and Doctor-Assisted Suicide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He did not just take on the medical establishment and the law; throughout his life he dared to challenge a taboo as old as human civilization – the taboo against death† (Nicol, Wylie 2) Kevorkian was very outspoken and intensely committed to the causes that he believed in. He also lacked the ability to lie, so much, that its said that whenever he played poker with his friends, that he never bluffed, and if he bet everyone else folded. Kevorkian built a machine where patients, through self implanted pumps, have the ability to self-control the does of pain medication that they receive. And now the amount of doctors who quietly comply with a patients request for a lethal does of medication is slowly rising up. Kevorkian made headlines by evading countless prosecutions, but then a case came up that no one could ignore, a case where a man so deteriorated due to his illness, that he could not operate the machine properly requiring Kevorkian to personally inject the lethal dose of medication himself. This mans name is Tom Youk and his case made the biggest impact on Kevorkians life. Youk was diagnosed with ALS, a neuromuscular disorder caused by the death of the motor nerve cells that control voluntary muscle movement. Youks condition got worse and worse, making him unable to move his arms and legs, extreme difficulty in speaking, and having no control of his jaw and tongue causing Youk to choke on his own spit. Every doctor he would visit would just prescribe him a different ineffective pain medication that would do no benefit to his condition. Youk had asked several doctors to help him commit suicide but each one would not help him with his request. Then his family contacted Kevorkian, and after very careful research on Youks medical records, Kevorkian obliged to go through with his treatment. Kevorkian would later say, He just was terrified of choking to death, and he must have felt that he was on the verge of it. And I couldnt have him suffer in that kind of frame of mind because if a man is terrified, its up to me to dispel that terror. † (Nicol, Wylie 9) Through multiple times, Kevorkian made sure that the patient had control over their death, for example, he would hook up a sedative t hat would go through a patients IV, stopping the patients heart if that patient would push a button. Youk was different, because he did not have the ability to physically activate a switch that would release a sedative that would kill him so he requested that Kevorkian would personally give the injection himself. Kevorkians thought on this was that he would make a statement to the public after assisting Youk, win the court case, and then hopefully this would relieve the fear doctors had in doing the things that he did. Kevorkian recorded the process on tape, read a consent form to Youk, and the next following day, upon Youks request, injected the lethal sedative into Youks IV. After the video being released to the public huge debates both medically and legally broke out. Three days later the state of Michigan charged Kevorkian for first-degree murder. When interviewed for ABCs 60 Minutes Kevorkian was portrayed as â€Å"Dr. Death† a man who caused another man to die and did not even seemed bother by it. After several trials, Jack Kevorkian was sentenced to 25 years in a maximum-security penitentiary. His health began to fail when in prison. He broke two ribs after falling in the recreation yard. He suffered from a double hernia, suffered from high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, arthritis, adrenal insufficiency, chronic pulmonary obstruction disease, cataracts, and Hepatitis C. He was suffering the same fate as Tom Youk only this time he had no one to relieve his suffering. By 1999 Dr. Kevorkian became the poster boy for assisted suicide. Physician-Assisted suicide was made legal in the state of Oregon, and 86 percent of the country supported physician-assisted suicide to be made legal nationwide. A lot of people do not know the difference between euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. â€Å"If a third party performs the last act that intentionally causes a patient’s death, euthanasia has occurred On the other hand, if the person who dies performs the last act, assisted suicide has taken place. † (Hamlon, Marker) There are always two sides to every argument. One who supports a cause and another that opposes the cause. A large group of people are giving their support in trying to legalize physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia nationally. Richard Ikeda, a doctor who cares for low-income elderly patients, has stated, â€Å"When cure is no longer possible, the majority of Californians, and the majority of California physicians, want dying patients to have the right to make end-of-life choices in accord with their own values and beliefs This week [October 27, 2007] completed ten years experience with Oregons death with dignity laws, and all studies show end-of-life care has improved for all Oregonians. † (31) More and more physicians are trying to legalize physician-assisted suicide nationally to benefit for their suffering patients. An example of where physician-assisted suicide would benefit a patient would be Percy Bridgman. Bridgman was a Nobel-Prize winning physicist suffering from terminal cancer at the age of seventy nine. He was wracked with pain and drained of hope that he mustered up the courage to pull the trigger of a gun ending his own life forcing others to the agony of discovering his bloody and mangled body. Another example would be James Poe, who is a sixty-nine year old man suffering from emphysema which suffocates him time to time as well as heart failure due to his pulmonary disease. He must be hooked up to an oxygen tank at all times and needs to take morphine regularly to calm his anxiety due to his suffocation. He is mentally competent and has requested to commit suicide by taking physician-prescribed pills. There are countless more cases where patients would have benefited from physician-assisted suicide or euthanasia. Thomas A. Bowden, a legal analyst at the Ayn Rand Institute, states that individuals actually have the legal right to choose death. What lawmakers must grasp is that there is no rational basis upon which the government can properly prevent any individual from choosing to end his own life. When religious conservatives enact laws to enforce the idea that their God abhors suicide, they threaten the central principle on which America was founded on† (Bowden 36) The Declaration of Independence states that each individual person exists as an end for himself. This means that no one can interfere with this persons right to live or not and that no one may obstruct this persons sense of his own happiness. If happiness were to be blocked by a dreaded disease though, and the end result is a very slow and painful death, then why try to obstruct a persons decision to end their suffering? Society should not have to give anyone the permission to end his or her life, it is their choosing, their right. So a doctor willing to assist a completely mentally sane person to end his or her own life to end at heir suffering due to an illness that is untreatable and non-curable then that doctor should also have the right to do their bidding. Religious conservatives also have no legal right to force their beliefs upon a person if that person wants to end their life to end their suffering. Speaking of religion on the issue, actual ministers and religious people have begin to find loop holes in the text and started to try and prove that physician-assisted suicide was actually very moral. Alvaro Vargas Llosa, senior and director of the Center of Global Prosperity at the Independent Institute, has stated that the religious argument against euthanasia contradicts a Judeo-Christian tradition. The religious argument against euthanasia-that it violates the sanctity of life-contradicts the single most powerful premise of the Judeo-Christian tradition: that God gives every person free will. † (Llosa 69) It basically undermines the belief that the spirit outlives the body. These conservatives are putting mercy on the useless body rather than the everlasting soul that is suffering. A few other contradictions: Jews perishing at Masada rather than being enslaved or Christians martyring themselves rather than betray God by bowing to a Roman deity. The death of a terminally ill patient can lift off the pain and the suffering of not only the patient, but the patients family as well. No more do they have to here their wails of pain or seeing them suffer before their eyes, just the simple fact that they know that their loved one is at peace can bring happiness through the whole family. By making a life and death situation, this person is making a choice to help someone left behind. And helping another brings a higher value to a persons own existence. As Minister Kenneth W. Phifer put it, â€Å"To choose death sooner rather than later can be an act of high moral stature. Mere existence is not an absolute value. † (71) Religious conservatives may have their morals and their excuses as to why physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia may seem sinful within their eyes but these statements listed above has contradicted and proven that a person can still have strong religious beliefs, but still can take consider that physician-assisted suicide is still an acceptable way to relieve themselves of suffering a long awaited and painful death even from their own gods eyes. Today, death is more of an urgent issue due to an increase in medical knowledge and technology. Not all pain can be managed though. No one should have the right to force someone to face grievous pain because they think it is more moral. No one should deny anyone the right to end their own life to end their suffering because it does not seem right in their eyes. â€Å"Furthermore, doctors cannot always be healers. Each of us will come to a point in life when no medical treatment will help us, save perhaps to relieve our pain. At that point, when our condition is terminal, what we need more than anything else is intelligent compassion. (Phifer 77) Sometimes what terminal patients need is not medication to ease their physical pain, but sometimes true compassion and knowing of what they are going through. Medication for the soul to soothe their emotional pain, to help them ease into death peacefully. A lot of doctors do this method called the â€Å"double effect† and religious communities support this. What the â€Å"double effect† is, is that it is a principle where doctors prescribe medication for pain even though they know that the level of medication will kill the patient. Even Pope John Paul II approves of the â€Å"double effect†. It is licit to relieve pain by narcotics, even when the result decreased consciousness and a shortening of life. † (Pope John Paul II, The Gospel of Life). A lot of people argue that if physician-assisted suicide were to be made legal, that there would be an increase in suicides among disadvantaged individuals. Well according to the University of Utah, â€Å"legalizing physician-assisted suicide in Oregon and the Netherlands did not result in a disproportionate number of deaths among the elderly, poor, women, minorities, uninsured, minors, chronically ill, less educated or psychiatric patients. (130) The studies showed that within the ten study groups, only the group with AIDS infected people opted for the use of physician-assisted suicide. â€Å"Whereas modern medicine has brought great benefits to humanity, it cannot entirely solve the pain and distress of the dying process. Each person deals with death in their individual way. Which way is determined by their health, their ethics, and personal living conditions. † (Humphry) It just boils down to how the individual reacts to their condition. If a atient is in such unbearable pain and suffering that they want someone to end their life peacefully to relieve their pain, then so be it. No one should have to force their opinion as fact and not allow the patient to do so because of the doctors or familys belief. It all depends on what that one individual wants. It is their life, let them be in control of it. With every group that is for a cause, there is always a group against the cause as well. And when it comes to euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide, things do not change. With a large support group behind these causes comes a large anti-group too. Trudy Chun and Marian Wallace are writers for Concerned Women for America, a conservative, pro-family, pro-life organization. â€Å"The very laws once deigned to protect a persons inalienable right to life now permit the elimination of those deemed unworthy to live. And in the name of compassion, doctors trained to heal and to prolong life are shortening and even snuffing it out altogether. † (Chun, Wallace 41) Doctors swore an oath to keep a patient alive as much and as long as possible no matter what. Killing a patient on purpose goes against everything a doctor stands for, everything a doctor was trained to do. This oath is called the â€Å"Hippocratic Oath† and within this oath a physician must state, â€Å"I will give no deadly medicine, even when asked. † Physicians are healers and the inability of physicians of preventing death does not mean a physician has the right to cause death. Diane Coleman, and executive director of progress Center for Independent Living, which is a nonprofit nonresidential service and advocacy center operated by and for people with disabilities. Coleman was born with a neuromuscular disability since birth, and was given a life expectancy of twelve years. When she outlived this her diagnosis and expectancy changed as well. Within the next few years she began to develop respiratory problems and began to use a breathing machine at night. â€Å"I had two other friends, one in her 20s and one in her 50s, who needed the same thing. But their doctors discouraged them from it, reinforcing their fears, and either didnt know or didnt disclose what the medical journals said would happen as a result. At an early age they each went into respiratory distress, and died within a month from infections. † (Coleman 190) Doctors today are pushing ways in which to end patients lives shorter rather than prolonging their life and treating their problems to the fullest. Seventy percent of Kevorkians â€Å"terminally ill† patients are said to have not even be terminally ill in the first place, meaning that there was still a chance in saving these individuals lives and if physicians would be allowed to kill their patients on their patients will then a treatment that could actually work may never be found. Ira Byock, director and professor of palliative care at Dartmouth Medical School, states that palliative care should be considered instead of assisted suicide. â€Å"Mortality teaches us a lot about life, if we let it. One thing it teaches is that human life in inherently spiritual, whether or not a person has a religion† (Byock 227) What hospice is, is that it is an end-of-life option. It is meant to bring comfort, dignity, and calmness in dealing with a terminally ill patient. It brings a sense of compassion and respect for the dignity of each individual patient on how he or she deals and encounters death. Instead of prematurely ending another persons life instantaneously, It makes sure the patient lives life to the very last comfortably and lovingly. It gives the patient the peace of mind that he or she has been made to feel as comfortable as possible and peace of mind to their loved ones by knowing that such care is taking place. As with the pro side of physician-assisted suicide, religion plays a huge part in the anti portion. The Christian understanding of humanity insists that we are not autonomous creatures that have the right to determine when we shall live and when we shall die† (Mohler 92) Christians believe that it is Gods duty to determine when a body lives and when a body dies and that if the body were to be slain prematurely at the hand of another person intentionally then that soul would be punished. Religion is an extremely important v ariable when it comes to suicide since suicide is seen to be sinful. Christians believe that life has meaning. That life is not just a course, but a gift. Life is all about experiences and experiences includes good things, happiness, compassion, love, but also experiencing â€Å"the bad too† such as pain, and suffering. In all in all religion is a very important factor since most citizens in America are Christians and with the campaign to legalize euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide continues, these supporters must convince these religious conservatives in order to legalize euthanasia and physician-assisted nationally. Again, with every big controversial topic, there will always be a pro side and an anti side. Each group will have their own very good points being made. But the key idea of physician-assisted suicide would not have been made as popular as it is today without the compassionate, influential, and controversial ideas of Dr. Jack Kevorkian. His compassion for seeking out and showing the public the truth of physician-assisted suicide and the goodness it entails is enticing. The amount of court cases he had dodged and accusations he got away from is still remarkable to this day. Though he was known as â€Å"Dr. Death† as portrayed by the media, people who really knew Kevorkian knew that he was a very humble, kind, and passionate old man just trying to help the unfortunate. And even though he has since passed, there are still plenty, upon plenty of people out there to make it their lifes work to make sure that Kevorkians vision of a nation that accepts physician-assisted suicide as a legal and moral practice to do on suffering terminal patients comes true.

Free Essays on My Child

I sit and think about being pregnant at 18 everyday and often cry, I think people tend to look down on me, I feel sometimes like I’m just a statistic, I worry about not being a good mother, How I’m going to do this, There are times when I just wanted to give up†¦ But I never did, And I thank God for being there, And giving me the strength I needed to keep myself going, I’m grateful to have a family, Who is so supportive of me, Who never put me down or yelled at me for my decision, They and I kept myself motivated to be the best I could be, Whatever other people said, Meant nothing to me, When I saw my baby on the monitor at my first ultrasound, I woke up, I came home and cried, I realized that my child means the world to me, And nothing else matters anymore, I know it’s going to be hard, But I’m willing to do what it takes, Now, It kind of sent me for a twirl, But I can’t wait to hold my baby girl. -OR- And my life will be filled with joy, The moment I get to hold my beautiful baby boy.... Free Essays on My Child Free Essays on My Child I sit and think about being pregnant at 18 everyday and often cry, I think people tend to look down on me, I feel sometimes like I’m just a statistic, I worry about not being a good mother, How I’m going to do this, There are times when I just wanted to give up†¦ But I never did, And I thank God for being there, And giving me the strength I needed to keep myself going, I’m grateful to have a family, Who is so supportive of me, Who never put me down or yelled at me for my decision, They and I kept myself motivated to be the best I could be, Whatever other people said, Meant nothing to me, When I saw my baby on the monitor at my first ultrasound, I woke up, I came home and cried, I realized that my child means the world to me, And nothing else matters anymore, I know it’s going to be hard, But I’m willing to do what it takes, Now, It kind of sent me for a twirl, But I can’t wait to hold my baby girl. -OR- And my life will be filled with joy, The moment I get to hold my beautiful baby boy....

Blog #3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Blog #3 - Essay Example Another important gear is a helmet. The helmet protects a person on site from injuries from overhead loose chippings. Most construction sites are on open air and hence protect the employees from harsh weather conditions. Construction equipment should be used in such a manner that they do not hurt the user and the people around them. Most construction tools are metallic and hence can cause serious injuries if misused (Rowlinson, 2004). The safety codes of construction requires that any equipment should only be utilized if it is the in its best condition. Construction managers should, therefore, ensure that all the tools are in good use so as to avoid any possible injuries. The sector makes use of many types of machinery due to the nature of the job. The machines can cause severe damages is they are not properly used. Machines users of cranes should ensure that the sweep area of the crane is clear before operating it (Rowlinson, 2004). Other machines such as compactors and excavators should be used in an area with minimal traffic to avoid possible

Multivariate Data Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Multivariate Data Analysis - Assignment Example These variables need to be specified prior to setting up a structural model. The process through which these latent variables are decided is known as Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Thus, the measurement model for a CFA also comes in the form of a multivariate regression equation. However, CFA precedes SME since the exogenous variables included in an SME are determined through CFA. CFA and SME together form a measurement model and help in evaluating the underlying relationship between variables, with least measurement errors. An SEM generally consists of a number of multivariate equations which often leads to errors in recording the inputs. Hence the preferred form of input representation in an SEM should be through a covariance matrix with defined row and column names, so as to avoid confusion and errors in providing inputs. Post-estimation, there remains the task of assessing the fitness of the predicted model. Model fit implies the degree to which the estimated model can resemble the observed population model. Hence, the more that the observed covariance matrix corresponds to the estimated one, the better is the model fitness. Generally, model fit could be of two types – goodness of fit and badness of fit; in the former case, the estimated model is considered to be a good representation as the value of the statistic rises in contrast to what the defining factor should be in case of the badness of fit. Examples of the goodness of fit are GFI, CFI, and TLI and those of badness of fit are RMSEA and SRMR. However, there is no benchmark to evaluate the validity of the model based on the value of goodness of fit of the same. The only way-out would be to assess the goodness of fit by figuring out the same via multiple indices.

Identity Research Paper Essay Example for Free

Identity Research Paper Essay Malcolm Rivers from the movie â€Å"Identity† has been diagnosed as a mentally ill patient with Dissociative Identity Disorder. This disorder is basically another name for a multiple personality disorder. The disorder is usually caused by severe trauma, emotional or physical, that causes people to create â€Å"multiple personalities† so that they can deal with certain situations. They usually have the inability to recall important information and have blackouts. Lastly, they have confusion of personal identity for an assumption of a new identity. The patient, Malcolm Rivers has committed several vicious murders and is waiting for execution. There is a journal that Rivers has explaining why he really committed the murders of all these people at a motel. His psychiatrist, Doctor Malick, tries to explain to the Judge who wants to have Rivers executed that he wasn’t responsible for the murders. The argument Dr. Malick made for it not being Malcolm Rivers fault is that it was one of his personalities because in his journal he has written down personal and private thoughts of several different people, which is a symptom of Dissociative Identity Disorder. Doctor Malick took Malcolm Rivers in front of the Judge and started questioning him to prove that he has multiple personalities. When he was questioning him though, he wasn’t Malcolm Rivers; he was â€Å"Ed†, the limo driver from the motel that everyone was getting murdered at. â€Å"Ed† keeps having these blackouts and this one blackout led him into the courtroom with Malick and the judge. â€Å"Ed† tells them what was happening at the motel and how it was bizarre that everyone was getting murdered and bodies were disappearing. In response to Malcolm Rivers or â€Å"Ed’s† story, Malick tells â€Å"Ed† about how he is really Malcolm Rivers. Rivers’ traumatic childhood has a strong effect on him, which made his personality fracture into different personalities. He remembers his mom as being â€Å"promiscuous† depending on whom she brought home he may also have been beaten as a child, and the disorder is caused by both mental and physical trauma. â€Å"Ed† found this really confusing, so Malick gave him a mirror that way he realized that he was just another personality. Malick also made another assumption that â€Å"Ed† and all the other people at the motel had the same birthdays. He told â€Å"Ed† that one of his fellow personalities is the one responsible for the murders, so once that personality dies, Malcolm Rivers won’t have to executed because he will be harmless. â€Å"Ed† thought that he finally identified the personality responsible for all of the murders. When he tried to kill it, both the personality and â€Å"Ed† die at the motel. Malick convinced the judge that the homicide identity is dead and Rivers should be harmless. Rivers was let off the execution and put into a mental asylum. Little did he know he actually killed the wrong personality, it was really Timmy, a little boy, the murdered everyone and set up their deaths. In Rivers’ head it showed Timmy was the one always watching the deaths of everyone, but he was so quiet no one suspected him. Timmy’s personality eventually dominated Rivers body and strangles Malick that crashes the truck going to the mental asylum. There are both positive and negative messages the movie gives the public about people with this disorder. One negative message it can give off is the impression that people with this disorder are dangerous murders, not all people with multiple personalities are dangerous or destructive. There are actually only a few cases that people with multiple personalities have criminal behavior. Another negative message is that it shows criminals can get away with a crime and be let off an execution if you have multiple personalities, a criminal does not get out of it that easily, they need to go through a long process of multiple professional physicians to prove they are criminally insane. Lastly, the personality ended up dominating Malcolm Rivers body in the end, so it can give off the idea to the public that this disorder can not be cured when it can. There are also positive messages that the movie gives off to the public that watches it. For one, it successfully shows the symptoms of a person with dissociative identity disorder. It can also give people a good idea that if they suspect someone they know has this disorder; you should get them to keep a diary to get down their personal thoughts so you can tell if they have it. Lastly, it shows that having a traumatic childhood can affect a person. That is a positive message because it can make people want to be better parents to their children after seeing what a bad childhood can do to someone. The journal article on dissociative identity disorder shows the four dominant approaches to understanding the disorder: childhood trauma and media influences. The posttraumatic model of dissociative identity disorder shows that the disorder is a defensive response that results naturally from continuous and tremendous childhood trauma, particularly from physical and sexual abuse. Children experiencing this trauma dissociate their distressing experiences and repress the memories of those experiences. This section of the article relates to the movie because his mom was â€Å"promiscuous†, so Malcolm most likely wanted to repress the memories from that time of his life. Another approach to understanding why people have this disorder would be media influences. There was an increased in the number of reported causes of dissociative identity disorder shown when the growth of popular books and movies about patients with multiple personalities. The movie itself did not have any media influences that made Malcolm Rivers have multiple personalities. However, the movie can give off a negative reaction to the public watching it because there might be more cases of dissociative identity disorder. In conclusion, Malcolm Rivers should be diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder from all the symptoms he has shown in the movie. The movie â€Å"Identity† is a great movie to watch, if someone wanted to learn more about the disorder or see an example of how a person diagnosed with dissociative identity acts. The journal article was also a good source because it backed-up one of the main causes of the disorder in the movie. Over all, the movie sends a good message to the public viewing it because the viewer can learn a lot about what causes the disorder, the symptoms of it, and they can be entertained at the same time. Traub, C. M. (2009). Defending a diagnostic pariah: validating the categorisation of Dissociative Identity Disorder. South African Journal of Psychology, 39(3), 347-356. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Cusack, J. (Actor). (2003). Identity [Motion picture]. USA: Sony Pictures. Nevid, J. S., Rathus, S. A., Greene, B. (2008). Abnormal Psychology in a Changing World (Seven ed., pp. 1-630). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Inc.

Compare And Contrast Different Organisational Structures And Cultures

Compare And Contrast Different Organisational Structures And Cultures Introduction Organisations are complex, social systems which seek to make the best use of people as a vital and essential resource, especially in today’s increasingly dynamic, globalised and competitive environment (Mullins, 2010: 3–9). They posses distinct identities, which are developed and shaped from a mix of how they choose to create, present and market their business to the world, the type of services and/or products provided and the culture that emerges as a consequence (Clegg et al, 2011, 14-16). Organisational structure should be driven by corporate strategy and the resulting objectives and tasks in order to facilitate the delivery of: Economic and efficient business performance; Performance management and the monitoring of activities; Accountability; Co-ordination across the business; Flexibility and adaptability providing a framework for change and innovation (Hayes, 2010: 270-282); Social satisfaction for those working within the organisation. (Fineman et al, 2010: 1-12). Therefore, organisations are systematically arranged frameworks seeking to create a unified, organic body which relates people, key business assets, knowledge and intellectual property in a design that aims to achieve specific goals (Clegg et al, 2011: 666). Basic models of organisational structure which have evolved in an effort to balance these factors are illustrated in Appendix 1. However, to be successful organisations must not operate in isolation from the environment that surrounds them (Morgan, 2006: 38–42), and some of the key aspects to consider are highlighted in Appendix 2. One of the most complex factors is that of culture – comprised of the habits, values, mores and ways of acting – by which people identify themselves and others (Clegg et al, 2011: 216). Organisational culture therefore relates to those patterns of beliefs, values and learned ways of coping with experience that have developed during the course of an organisation’s history, and which tend to be manifested in its material arrangements and the behaviours of its members (Brown, 1998: 9; Schein, 2010: 7-21). The important, though often intangible, cultural aspects of an organisation ultimately shape which levers of power and influence are the most effective in driving individual and group behaviours, ultimately affecting business performance and success (Linstead et al, :149–194). These factors are summarised in Appendix 3. In essence, culture can be regarded as being the personality of an organisation and as it shapes how people feel it is not something that can be easily managed (Stacey, 2011: 78-89). Organisational structures (particularly those imposed or developed during a period of change) that do not consider these cultural aspects can generate discontent, inefficiency, resistance and resentment from employees (Cunliffe, 2008: 45–68). Consequently, it is vital to reflect upon culture when considering organisational design as the informal structures that result are as important as the formal mechanisms and management arrangements created (Schein, 2010: 177-196). Ultimately, the decisions, actions and major developments of organisations are influenced and determined by shifting coalitions of individuals attempting to protect or enhance their own interests (Burnes, 2009: 197). Comparing organisational structures In developing the organisational designs outlined in Appendix 1, key factors must be considered which will shape the structural decisions taken. These are: Scale. Whilst larger organisations can benefit from efficiencies built around economies of scale, the greater complexity involved in managing large numbers of people with less likelihood of direct interpersonal contact often calls for more sophisticated organisational designs. Technology. This is the combination of resources, knowledge and techniques that creates an organisation’s products or services. The match between structure and technology – the technological imperative – is vital to maintain competitive advantage in modern business. For example, successful mass production operations have rigid structures built around large working groups. Environment. A successful business understands that they need to receive various inputs from the environment within which they operate and also sell their outputs into this environment. Structures therefore need to recognise factors such as global economics/markets, suppliers and competitors. Strategy. Organisational strategy – the process of positioning the organisation in its competitive environment and implementing actions to compete successfully – shapes design. Developing the organisation’s unique selling point or market differentiation by building a structure that protects and develops key competences is a critical issue if business growth is to be maintained. (French et al, 2008: 330–334) Consequently, in considering the relative merits of the structures shown in Appendix 1, the following observations can be made: Functional structure Organisations built around functional structures deliver clear task assignments which can be easily aligned to the skills and training of individuals and teams ((Stewart et al, 1999: 82-88). The structure is easy to explain to employees, suppliers and customers whilst also facilitating internal communications and problem solving as knowledge pools are recognised and shared. Importantly, such structures also assist in the development of leaders and managers as functional peers and superiors are clearly identified and should be accessible (French et al, 2008: 348). Unfortunately, such functional approaches can lead to the growth of sectional interests which may conflict with the needs of the organisation as a whole (Cole Kelly, 2011: 251). In focussing on the organisation’s functional hierarchy for direction and reinforcement, individuals and teams can lose sight of the importance of products, services or clients – the leadership is drawn into cross-functional problems (Adair, 2002: 17-25). As a consequence, conflict between functional units can increase with internal communications becoming ever more complex as they attempt to minimise such issues (French et al, 2008: 348). Product structure Large organisations with a wide product or service range are often attracted to a product-based structure as it can be more responsive to technological change as people are grouped on the basis of their expertise (and supporting infrastructure) within a particular unit (Hayes, 2010: 87-104). Such an approach also enables/supports rapid diversification and skills expansion in that additional product or service areas can be incorporated relatively easily (Cole Kelly, 2011: 251). This organisational methodology can introduce unnecessary internal competition between business units as certain product groups are promoted to the detriment of other elements of the organisation (Nadler Tushman, 1997: 71-88). Senior managers are faced with the challenge of controlling such behaviour whilst also recognising that the associated incentive and reward structures are inevitably built around the success of individual product lines (Burnes, 2009: 104–106). Geographic structure Large national or multi-national entities face significant logistical and communication challenges and this usually makes some kind of regional or area structure essential for effective decision making and control (Nadler Tushman, 1997: 59-70). Whilst this produces the benefits associated with a more decentralised approach (such as a focus on local customers and being responsive to regional market pressures), it does cause concern for senior managers seeking to set a unified corporate direction (Linstead et al, 2011: 225–226). Significant leadership and senior management effort must be spent on visiting geographically dispersed business elements in order to maintain personal relationships through face-to-face contact, thus avoiding corrosive and self-defeating internal competition (French et al, 2008: 350). Vertical specialisation The structures outlined above provide a clear separation of authority and activities on the basis of hierarchical ranking within the organisation. The chain of command created – on the basis of vertical specialisation – ensures that senior leaders plan and set the overall strategy with specific lower-level guidelines, and metrics issued for the implementation of that strategy (Morgan, 2006: 24–25, 104). Those organisations with many levels of hierarchy and control are considered as being â€Å"tall†, whilst those with only a few levels are described as being â€Å"flat† (French et al, 2008: 343). It is usually the case that the flatter structures allow greater decentralisation of decision-making and autonomy through the organisation whilst the taller structures focus on tighter, closer control mechanisms. The most effective balance for the organisation concerned must recognise the critical success factors set, the operating environment of the business and the existing corporate culture in relation to the perceived culture required (Mullins, 2010: 508–512; Stacey, 2011: 94-105). Unity of command, span of control and sensemaking As well as addressing the requirements of vertical specialisation, functional, product and geographic structures also seek to apply two key tenets of classical management theory: Unity of Command – an employee should receive orders and direction from only one superior. Span of Control – the number of people reporting to one superior must not be so large that it creates problems of communication and coordination. (Morgan, 2006: 19) These aspects are shaped by the organisations sensemaking abilities i.e. the skills and competences of managers to make sense of what they do (Clegg et al, 2011: 668). Sensemaking is a complex issue involving: Social context – considering the actual, implied or imagined views or presence of others; Personal Identity – a personal or group view of who they are (and their organisational identity); Retrospection – this is important within organisations, as sometimes the most important decisions are the least visible initially. Salient cues managers using past experiences and relating them to current scenarios in order to shape their actions and attitudes. Ongoing projects – what structure or patterns exist within the organisation to allow managers the time and space to review and reflect upon an issue and change direction or tempo if necessary. Plausibility – developing enough meaning to drive forward with a project. Enactment – The ability to react and shape or amend an evolving situation. Drafting and Doing – the ability to understand an emerging business scenario and then isolate key themes in order to understand what is going on. (Clegg et al, 2011: 22) Given these complexities, many organisations are seeking to develop mixed structures which seek to obtain the benefits potentially provided by the functional, product and geographical forms of organisation whilst also recognising the importance of these inter-personal aspects (Morgan, 2006: 50–52). Appendix 1 illustrates two models that aim to do so – Divisional and Matrix structures. Divisional structure A divisional structure seeks to overcome the problems associated with product or geographic diversity as each division can respond to the specific requirements of its product or market strategy (Johnson et al, 2011: 434). Divisional managers have greater personal ownership of their strategies and their teams, allowing for the development of competences focussed on a particular product range, technology area or customer grouping (Henry, 2011: 318–319). A divisional structure also provides significant flexibility as organisations can add, close or merge divisions as circumstances change (Johnson et al, 2011: 435). Whilst delivering a flexible and responsive organisation, a divisional structure does present a business with three key disadvantages: Divisions can become too autonomous, operating as independent businesses but introducing inefficiency by duplicating the functions and costs of the corporate centre. Personal and team identity is rooted in the division rather than the wider business, inhibiting cooperation, knowledge sharing and fragmenting expertise. Divisions can end up pursing their own strategies regardless of the needs of the corporate centre which loses control and is only able to add minimal value to the operation (Cole Kelly 2011:251–252). Matrix structure A matrix organisation seeks to overlay a horizontal structure based on products, projects, business activities or geographic area upon the more traditional vertical specialisation structure (Clegg et al 2011: 544). This introduces dual or even multiple lines of authority and responsibility in an effort to deliver flexibility in relation to the forming of project teams, improve the utilisation of resources and to encourage cross-functional cooperation (Linstead et al, 2011: 216–218). The vertical specialisation is seen as enduring, with the horizontal interaction often regarded as being temporary with the relationships dissolved as activities or projects are completed (Pettigrew Fenton, 2000: 117–143; Wall Minocha, 2010: 319–321). However, unless carefully controlled, matrix management complicates the unity of command and span of control aspects previously discussed (Morgan, 2006: 19). Without clear boundaries, organisational conflict between functional and project managers can emerge, the autonomy of line managers can be eroded and decision making becomes more inefficient leading to increased overheads (Clegg et al, 2011: 545). Organisational culture Having recognised that organisations do not operate in a vacuum and that it is important to create a structure that maximises the business return from the environment within which it operates, it is important to consider how culture (the shared ways of thinking and behaving) shapes success (Cole Kelly, 2011: 590). Eight cultural characteristics have been identified as being critical for organisational success: A bias for action – doing rather than discussing; Staying close to the customer – learning about their requirements and meeting them in full; Autonomy and entrepreneurship – being encouraged to think; Productivity through people – recognising and rewarding best efforts; Hands on – executives keeping in touch and displaying corporate values; Core competences – focussed on what you do best; Simplicity where possible – lean organisations with the fewest possible layers; Loose-tight properties – focussed on core values whilst allowing tolerance to explore and challenge. (Peters Waterman, 1982: 89-318) In shaping an organisation in an attempt to maximise the potential return from these cultural characteristics, it is sensible to recognise the origins of corporate culture which are essentially: The societal or national culture within which an organisation is physically situated. For large, multi-national organisations this introduces the challenge of understanding and incorporating different and cultural frameworks; The vision, management style and personality of an organisation’s founder or dominant leader; The type of business an organisation conducts and the nature of its business environment. (Brown, 1998: 42) Culture is therefore about an organisations history, stories, language and values rather than the application of theoretical models (Cunliffe, 2008: 55). Culture in the organisational context becomes a critical success factor because: It shapes the image that key stakeholders (including customers) have of the company and can become a crucial element of product or business differentiation within a market segment; It influences performance as a positive culture (supporting the image and success of the business) that is essential to meeting corporate goals and the requirements of the wider business environment. A negative or counter-culture – such as that which could emerge during a period of restructuring – can work against organisational effectiveness; It provides direction, as mission, vision and values statements identify where the business is going and how it plans to get there. A culture that creates a shared ownership of goals and which guides decision making can reduce the need for direct control because people know what is expected of them, how to behave and what they will be rewarded for. It can attract and retain skilled and motivated staff. Strong cultures can have a powerful effect on the behaviour and commitment of employees. (Cunliffe, 2008: 58–59) In terms of cultural analysis, three levels of review can be considered: Observable culture, often described as â€Å"the way things are done†, which are often the methods, rituals, ceremonies and symbols used to impart an organisations shared values and approaches to new members (such as within induction programmes); Shared values, often manifested through statements aimed at delivering direction and cohesion and underpinned by identifiers such as the wearing of a uniform; Common assumptions i.e. the accepted truths (often implicit and unspoken) that members of an organisation share as a result of their joint experiences. (French et al, 2008: 380–382) Attempts have been made to codify the core organisational cultures that are presented and the commonly found models are: Role Culture – focussed on rules, tasks, procedures and job descriptions; Power Culture – power exercised by a central figure with few formal rules; Person Culture – the organisation exists for the benefit of its members; Process Culture – the following of highly regulated processes; Tough-guy Culture – driven by the need to take quick decisions, underpinned by risk-taking and a competitive ethos; Work Hard/Play Hard Culture – aiming to balance performance with work-place enjoyment; Bet-Your-Company Culture – a long-term outlook built upon significant (early) investment; Bureaucratic Culture – a focus on consistency, control, efficiency and conformity; Clan Culture – focussed on commitment, involvement, teamwork and participation; Task/Mission Culture – goal oriented with rewards based on achieving mission and goals; Adaptability Culture – focussed on flexibility, innovation, risk-taking, empowerment and learning. (French et al, 2008: 394–395; Cunliffe, 2008: 65, Cole Kelly, 2011: 146-149) If strategies are to be developed that may change the structure of an organisation then it will also be necessary to potentially challenge and change the underpinning culture (Hayes, 2010: 438-447) – considering purely rational processes such as planning and resource allocation will not be enough (Johnson et al, 2011: 181). However, dangers do exist when conducting any analysis of organisational culture as it is too easy to over-simplify or even trivialise the issues involved – it is not something that can be reduced to a few traits, easily linked to performance issues or readily managed (Johnson et al, 2011: 182). Managers can shape culture through vision and value statements, supported by their own actions and expectations and this includes the organisational structure applied (Cunliffe, 2008: 67). The power levers to be applied within the organisation and the cultural interaction that results should also be considered (see Appendix 3). However, perspectives on culture will influence the corporate view as to its relevance and importance to the sustainable success of the business and these views are essentially: Integration – the culture of the organisation is relatively clear, unambiguous and straightforward; Differentiation – recognising the existence of sub-cultures within groups that are not easily identified or understood and which can inhibit change or development initiatives if not addressed; Fragmentation – no real cultural consensus can be identified around which any business strategy or organisation can be built (Brown 1998: 296-297) Summary and conclusions Ultimately, organisational design is taken forward by corporate leaders and key decision makers whose choices are based upon their own predispositions (experiences, values and beliefs) (Cole and Kelly, 2011: 256, Nadler Tushman, 1997: 21). Therefore, although decisions are overtly based upon what is seen to be the best and most efficient construct for the business, in reality cultural factors prove to be just as important. Organisational culture is the basic assumption and beliefs shared by the members of an organisation, operating unconsciously and which help to define a company’s view of itself and its operating environment (Schein, 2010:219-234). Culture may contribute to the capabilities and strategic direction/effectiveness of an organisation, but it can also stifle necessary development and evolution if internal values and mores do not reflect external changes. Organisational structures and cultural influences can therefore both inform and constrain the strategic development and ultimately the competitiveness of a business In order to maintain competitive advantage and to avoid any strategic drift (where culture and organisational factors drive the business rather than the needs of customers and key stakeholders), both should be critically reviewed and their impact considered regularly by leaders and senior managers. References Adair, J. (2002). Effective Strategic Leadership, Basingstoke: Pan Macmillan Ltd. Brown, A. (1998). Organizational Culture, 2nd Edition, Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd. Burnes, B. (2009). Managing Change, 5th Edition, Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd. Cole, G.A., Kelly, P. (2011). Management Theory and Practice, 7th Edition, Andover: Cengage Learning EMEA. Clegg, S., Kornberger, M., Pitsis, T. (2011). Managing Organizations: An Introduction to the Theory Practice, 3rd Edition, London: Sage Publications Ltd. Cunliffe, A.L. (2008). Organization Theory, London: Sage Publications Ltd. Fineman, S., Gabriel, Y., Sims, D. (2010). Organizing Organizations, 4th Edition, London: Sage Publications Ltd. French, R., Rayner, C., Rees, G., Rumbles, S. (2008). Organizational Behaviour, Chichester: John Wiley Sons Ltd. Hayes, J. (2010). The Theory and Practice of Change Management, 3rd Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Henry, A.E. (2011). Understanding Strategic Management, 2nd Edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Johnson, G., Whittington, R., Scholes, K. (2011). Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd. Kakabadse, A., Ludlow R., Vinnicombe, S. (1988). Working in Organisations, Aldershot: Penguin. Linstead, S., Fulop, L., Lilley, S. (2009). Management Organization: A Critical Text, 2nd Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Morgan, G. (2006). Images of Organization, London: Sage Publications Ltd, Mullins, L.J. (2010). Management Organisational Behaviour, 9th Edition, Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd. Nadler, D.A., Tushman, M.L. (1997). Competing by Design: The Power of Organizational Architecture, New York: Oxford University Press Inc. Peters, T.J., Waterman, R.H. (1982). In Search of Excellence: Lessons from America’s Best Run Companies, New York: Harper Row Inc. Pettigrew, A.M., Fenton, E.M. (2000). The Innovating Organization, London: Sage Publications Ltd. Schein, E.H. (2010). Organisational Culture and Leadership, 4th Edition, San Francisco: John Wiley Sons Inc. Stacey, R.D. (2011). Strategic Management and Organisational Dynamics: The challenge of complexity to ways of thinking about organisations, 6 th Edition, Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd Stewart, G.L., Manz, C.C., Sims, H.P. (1999). Team Work and Group Dynamics, New York: John Wiley Sons Inc. Wall, S., Minocha, S., Rees, B. (2010). International Business, 3rd Edition, Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd. APPENDIX 1 MODELS AND ASPECTS OF ORGANISATIONAL

Nickelodeon in Latin America

Taran Swan had successfully launched Nickelodeon in Latin America. Would Swan be able to continue leading the team from New York? Or would it be better to appoint an interim director, and if so, whom? 1) Appoint a current member of the team as interim director †¢Swan knows her team member’s work ethics. They all know about each others projects. †¢Who should she choose? 2) Appoint third party individual as interim director †¢Third party with unattached opinion and new view. Hard to find a person, interview him, etc. 3) Divide responsibilities among current team members †¢Previously divided the Vice President of Marketing between Friedman and McCarty. †¢Valuable because joint partnership with two opinions instead of one. †¢But can lead to communication problems. †¢The position would have to be approved by Corporate, which can be a long process. 4) Continue serving as director remotely from New York †¢Swam has already successfully led her t o team through many challenges. Virtual meetings pose a problem. †¢Swan’s assistant, Sonia Schwarz, could continue acting as her â€Å"point person. † †¢Most work required the staff to travel to Latin America to work on deals with local offices in Argentina, Mexico, and Brazil. †¢Without Swan’s guidance, will her team still have the same energies? †¢Swan’s and her baby’s health is still unpredictable. Recommendation I recommend that Swan should continue to lead Nickelodeon Latin America from New York.She has successfully led her team through many challenges, and she cannot quickly find a person to take her place. She should mitigate risks and ensure there this a â€Å"back up† person incase anything would to happen to her. However, I think her relocating would pose as a minimal problem to her team as nowadays, many things can be done virtually, and people are already used to working with other team members through virtual means.

Critically Thinking About Ethics and Assessment Essay

1. The four critical areas that are addressed in these standards include developing and selecting appropriate tests, administering and scoring tests, reporting and interpreting test results, and informing test takers. The two focus groups are the test developers and test users. Test developers are people and organizations that construct tests and set policies for testing programs while test users are those who select and administer tests, commission test development services, and make decisions based on the test scores. As a future teacher, counselor, or social worker, I think that I would fit the definition of test users because I would be conducting tests and making decisions from the results of the tests. 2. I believe that the most important issue among the guidelines for appropriate psychological assessment when it comes to children and adolescents would be 9. 03-b. It states, â€Å"Psychologists inform persons with questionable capacity to consent or for whom testing is mandated by law or governmental regulations about the nature and purpose of the proposed assessment services, using language that is reasonably understandable to the person being assessed. † This is important because young people who would undergo testing need to understand clearly what they are about to go through, as well as the reasons as to why they need to be assessed. They need to be talked to in a language and level where they can make a decision whether or not to give consent to the assessment. 3. The first guideline, which is â€Å"Protection Against High-Stakes Decisions Based on a Single Test† is important because it states that students should have the protection of not being judged based on a single test score. A single test score does not prove that much and students should be evaluated based on a series of tests. It is only fair that they be given multiple chances to prove what they are capable of as students. 4. In the â€Å"Screening and Assessment of Young English-Language Learners,† it is stated that the role of the family in the assessment of young English-language learners is important. Young students need the support that they can get from their families so that they can become confident in learning the language. Aside from this, it is also important for professionals to inform the families of the students’ improvements.

Culturally Sensitive Nursing Care essays

Culturally Sensitive Nursing Care essays What is meant by culturally sensitive nursing care? How does it apply to nursing? In order to understand culturally sensitive nursing care you must first understand culture and cultural diversity. Culture guides our thinking, doing and being, and becomes patterned expressions of who we are (Basic Nursing, 2003). Cultural diversity is the difference between people rooted in a shared belief and value system based on norms, customs and way of life. Knowledge of cultural diversity is important in all levels of nursing because it comes through communication and education between clients and nurses. Culturally sensitive nursing care recognizes the need for respect and acknowledgement of the wholeness of all human beings, regardless of culture, race, ethnicity, heritage, religion everyone has a unique background. Culturally sensitive nursing care is a required factor that must be practiced. It is significant in order to care and understand importance to the patient, resulting in comfort f or the family as well as the patient. This also increases the chance of compliance and eases the passage for family and friends. Providing the necessary care is not the only value to a strong outcome, but communication and developing a strong client/nurse relationship must be practiced to ensure a positive outcome. Culturally sensitive nursing care may possibly be difficult for some to practice, but it makes healthcare challenging and rewarding. Health to an individual of any culture, ethnicity or race, is viewed as a positive outcome, balanced environment, and strong lifestyle. Regardless of the illness, everyone wants the same outcome. Health practices such as nutrition, diet, exercise and environment are all believed to be practices which are beneficial and have a positive effect on an individual. Perceptions of benefits can differ between cultures. A practice which is important to someone of a different culture can be less important to us, bu...

A Comparison Of Pakistani And Indian Space Programmes Politics Essay Essay Example

A Comparison Of Pakistani And Indian Space Programmes Politics Essay Essay Example A Comparison Of Pakistani And Indian Space Programmes Politics Essay Essay A Comparison Of Pakistani And Indian Space Programmes Politics Essay Essay Explain and discourse the infinite plans of India and Pakistan. Highlight the comparative advantages that respective progresss may hold on the conventional battle-space, include an apprehension of existent clip situational consciousness, the flow of information, the cross networking of information in a full spectrum warfare state of affairs for both sides. Discourse the infinite plan s relationship to either state s strategic forces or assets. In relation to the wider planetary community, how either state is doing and viing for power and infinite, such as a regional hegemon, or beyond. The comparings are obvious in this regard as India has the absolute advantage, but explain it with proficient cognition, and strategic foresight. ACRONYMS A ; ABBREVIATIONS CCD Camera Charge-couple Device Camera ASAT Anti-Satellite Gilbert Geographic Information System BMD Ballistic Missile Defence NCRS National Centre for Remote Sensing INCOSPAR Indian National Committee for Space Research R A ; D Research and Development ISP Indian Space Program SLV Space Launch Vehicle Department of state Department of Space SUPARCO Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission ISRO Indian Space and Research Organisation Weapon of mass destruction Weapons of Mass Destruction ISC Indian Space Commission Antiballistic missile Anti-Ballistic Missile PSLV Polar Satellite Vehicle IRS Satellite Indian Remote Sensing Satellite GSLV Geostationary Satellite Launch Vehicle INSAT Indian National Satellite SLV Satellite Launch Vehicle GEO Geosynchronous Satellite Leo Low Earth Orbit ASLV Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle IGMDP Integrated Guided Missile Development Program DRDO Defence Research and Development Organisation IRBM Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile TMD Theatre missile Defense mechanism MIRV Multiple Independently Targetable Reentry Vehicle IAF Indian Air Force WAPDA Water and Power Development Authority OST Outer Space Treaty PAROS Prevention of Arms Race in Outer Space Introduction Pakistan and India have adequate conventional and WMD firepower to do irreparable harm to each other, therefore any attempts to weaponise their infinite plans will tantamount to insanity-even if both have the economic and proficient musculus for it. The two atomic arms provinces have an adversarial relationship which spans from being cold to being highly hostile. Though both provinces eschew chase of mobilization and weaponization of infinite they will covertly prosecute these purposes for two grounds. Indian strategians cite US-Russian-Chinese infinite competition as a ground for them to follow suit[ 1 ]and this in bend will hold a spin-off consequence for Pakistan. The impression of mobilization of infinite can be farther dissected as militarisation and weaponization . It is a bygone decision that outer infinite has been militarised[ 2 ]chiefly by the infinite faring states. Use of autochthonal and collaborative intelligence assemblage through orbiters, planetary placement systems for missile counsel and mark acquisition and net-centricity through communicating orbiters are a norm and grounds of mobilization of infinite. A usual solace is that the infinite has been militarised but has non yet been weaponized.[ 3 ]It is but a affair of clip that weaponization will besides go on shortly as the major powers, like US, are inextricably dependent[ 4 ]on their infinite based military assets. The bing international norms and pacts to maintain the warfare in the interior infinite of the Earth will be the first casualties if Lashkar-e-Taiba s state America encounters a infinite Pearl Harbour [ 5 ]from an antagonist that destroys some of its orbiters. Hence, no affair what the bing norms, the states with regional and / or planetary security concerns and power aspirations will besides fit the antagonists in infinite based engineerings. US withdrawal from the ABM Treaty by Bush disposal,[ 6 ]Reagan s SDI,[ 7 ]China s successful testing of ASAT arm in 2007[ 8 ]and India s chase of BMD are few illustrations.[ 9 ] Since infinite engineering is largely dual-use, India s peaceable infinite plan has besides served as a alternate to its missile plan.[ 10 ]The grounds to turn out if Pakistan has a pursuit to militarise its modest infinite plan is about non-existent for three grounds. There is small literature on Pakistan s infinite plan and its military facet will otherwise be kept secret. Space plans are cost intensive and given the hapless province of Pakistan s economic system it can be safely assumed that such an aspiration will stay an aspiration at least in the short term. The engineering s dual-use nature shows that advanced nature of Pakistan s missile plan and SUPARCO s research need a political determination and economic supporter to fit India. Pakistan will, nevertheless, start from a place of comparative disadvantage as India has benefited from US, Canada, Russia, France, Germany and Israel in infinite and missile engineering. Such a bilateral infinite race -underway covertly in all c hance will set extra strain on India and Pakistan s economic system, vitiate regional and planetary security environment and farther destabilize the bilateral dealingss the South Asiatic arch challengers. Scope This monograph draws a comparing of India and Pakistan s infinite plans in peaceable and military spheres of the engineerings, how either state is doing in regional and / or planetary power competition and the impact on conventional conflict infinite and full spectrum of warfare. INDIA S SPACE PROGRAM Peaceful Dimension India s infinite policy is to develop feasible infinite engineerings for socio-economic upheaval. The four peaceable aims of its infinite plan are ( 1 ) orbiter based communicating for telecommunication, Television, hunt and deliverance, tele-education, tele-medicine etc. ; ( 2 ) satellite-based remote feeling for resource study, direction, defense mechanism, security and environmental monitoring ; ( 3 ) meteoric applications ; and ( 4 ) development and operationalization of autochthonal orbiter and launch vehicles for supplying infinite services.[ 11 ] Administration and Development India s infinite plan can be divided in to two developmental phases. In 1960s it set up an administrative model and gained experience with simple projectile operations such as sounding rockets-that carry light warheads such as scientific experiments into and beyond the ambiance ( 100-300 km heights ) .[ 12 ]Initial low-tech infinite operations commenced in the early 1960s, ISRO was formed to organize these activities in 1969, and the Indian DOS was established in 1972. ISRO is portion of the DOS. Coordination between ISRO and other space-related bureaus is politically carried out through the ISC, which reports to the Prime Minister s office. The latter stage of the first phase of India s infinite plan chiefly experimental, low capableness undertakings that allowed Indian scientists to derive experience in the building and operation of orbiters an launchers-ISRO built Bhaskara Earth observation orbiters and the Ariane Payload Experiment communicating orbiter. SLV-3 projectile, which resembled US s Scout projectile, trials were done between 1979 and 1983.[ 13 ] ANTRIX: Antrix Corporation Limited, ISRO: Indian Space Research Organization, SCL: Semiconductor Laboratory, NE-SAC: North Eastern Space Applications Center, NARL: National Atmospheric Research Laboratory, PRL: Physical Research Laboratory, NRSA: National Remote Sensing Agency, IISU: ISRO Inertial System Unit, DECU: Development and Educational Communication Unit, MCF: Maestro Control Facility, RRSSCs: Regional Remote Sensing Service Centers, ISTRAC: ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network, LEOS: Lab for Electro-Optic System, SAC: Space Applications Center, ISAC: ISRO Satellite Center, LPSC: Liquid Propulsion System Center, VSCC: Vikram Sarabhai Space Center, SDSC: Satish Dhawan Space Center. In the 2nd phase was launched in mid-1980s and involved edifice of more powerful PSLV-that was used to establish IRS orbiter. It was followed by GSLV that launched INSAT, which is a meteoric and telecommunications platform. After GSLV s 2001 trial flight India s infinite plan has emerged to rank as the universe s 5th most advanced plan if such GEO capableness.[ 14 ] Technology Transfer and Foreign Assistance Besides engineering transportations, Indian scientists like Abdul Kalam and Homi Bhaba received preparation at NAS that helped India in developing and proving sounding projectiles and SLVs. ISRO s solid fuelled infinite launch projectiles based on the American supplied Scout projectiles were used as the first phase of Agni.[ 15 ]Agni s IRBM plan owes its generation to the adaptation of civilian infinite engineering and generous proficient aid provided by the Soviet Union, the US, France and Germany since the origin of India s Space Research Program in 1962.[ 16 ] DRDO s 1970s Devil short scope missile plan was a contrary technology and version of Soviet supplied SA-2 SAM.[ 17 ]India s dialogues to get Russian S-300 ABM system were nt successful and former declined American offer of Patriot-II ABM systems and have shown involvement in Patriot-III alternatively.[ 18 ]India besides received active Israeli cooperation in copying their Elbit ABM system and calling it as AXO-but the said system s being and claimed success is shrouded in enigma.[ 19 ] In the early 1990s, Russia provided some cryogenic projectile engines to India for its GSLV plan. France besides offered aid in development of cryogenic engines. French besides assisted Indians in developing Centaure sounding projectiles and in liquid propulsion engineerings. India was besides allowed to construct Viking projectiles under licence. Germany s aid was the most important because it continued even after it joined MTCR in 1987. Germans assisted India in counsel mechanism, projectile testing, Motorola processors related package and usage of composite stuffs ; which was diverted to military usage. Satellite Launch Vehicle Capability India s SLVs have progressed from SLV-3, 35 kilogram warhead and 300 kilometers altitude LEO, to GSLV with 2,500 kilograms warhead and 36,000 kilometer GEO. They are developing 200-ton solid fuel engine and a 20-ton cryogenic engine for more powerful GSLVs that would hold greater warhead capablenesss. The SLV plan has met failures too-only five out of eight ( 62 % ) SLV-3 and ASLV launches were successful, while four out of five ( 80 % ) of PSLV launches have been successful.[ 20 ] Missile Program and MIRV Capability India has created a turning substructure, aˆÂ ¦ for the use of infinite engineering and assets in infinite for aˆÂ ¦ diverse sectors aˆÂ ¦ India is, hence, committed to the peaceable chase of infinite engineering and to continue outer infinite aˆÂ ¦ entirely for peaceable utilizations. We portion the concerns about the dangers of deployment of arms in the outer infinite and believe that this will non be in our corporate involvement. -Statement by Jayant Prasad, PRI to CD, Geneva February 2, 2006 India s missile plan partly overlaps with, while being partially distinct from, India s infinite from. In July 1983, New Delhi embarked upon an IGMDP. The IGMDP[ 21 ]was ab initio allocated a budget of US $ 130 million and by 1994 US $ 275 million to develop SLV-3. Agni missile straight derived from the Indian infinite plan s SLV-3.[ 22 ]Missile scientist Abdul Kalam, who headed the SLV-3 undertaking at ISRO, moved to DRDO to direct India s missile plan with a twelve scientists-thus profiting military from purely scientific plan. Later Agni-2 s solid fuel 2nd phase was built by ISRO. Despite being more powerful than SLV-3, India s subsequent orbiter launchers, the ASLV and PSLV, have non found direct applications as ballistic missiles as ballistic missiles. Agni is light and hence more movable ; it provides for an ideal IRBM system. The ASLV and PSLV theoretically have a 4,000 and 8,000 kilometer scope, severally, and would convey China s heartland within scope when launched from sec ure launch sites in East and Central India. Yet it would be hard to deploy ASLV and PSLV as faculty, truck- or rail-mounted missiles because of their big diameter strap-on supporters. Furthermore, these projectiles are highly heavy and have a hapless push to burden ratio. Development of subsequently long scope versions of Agni addressed these issues. India already possesses inchoate capablenesss to MIRV its missiles, but this does non intend that it can instantly procure a fully fledged capableness, because there are a scope of [ proficient ] conditions that would impact its development of MIRV engineering.[ 23 ]Given the double usage nature of infinite engineering, the increased civilian infinite cooperation between the US and India will ensue in transportation of engineering that may convey integrating and bringing capablenesss warheads into India s armory.[ 24 ] The developments in last 10 old ages show[ 25 ] such as a series of successful orbiter launches and January 2000 successful launch and recovery mission of the Space Recovery Experiment capsule validate that India has critical enabling engineering necessary for the research and development of a MIRV capableness.[ 26 ] Satellite Reconnaissance India achieved a moderate orbiter reconnaissance capableness with 23-meters declaration in 1980s in the seeable and near-infrared set, allowing the sensing of big military installings.[ 27 ]However, since 1995 the IRS series of orbiters, which can bring forth 5.8-meter declaration imagination, are in orbit. In 2001 India launched a Technology Experiment Satellite to a 568 kilometer orbit ; its one-meter declaration panchromatic camera with two-to-three-day repetition rhythm provided utile reconnaissance capablenesss.[ 28 ]These promotions will heighten Indian mark acquisition and battle capablenesss and can besides be integrated in to their BMD system.[ 29 ]There is touchable advancement towards supplying secure and dedicated communicating links to the Indian military. For case, IAF is likely to establish its ain orbiter by terminal 2010.[ 30 ] C3Capabilities India s communications orbiters have some military capablenesss but have non had specifically designated military maps. INSAT are non optimum for military operation because of their inappropriate frequence scope and its frequence sets can be easy jammed.[ 31 ] Budget Allotment India has spent about US $ 4 billion plus on infinite plan in last one decennary.[ 32 ]The following table gives inside informations of disbursement between 2002 and 2008.[ 33 ] Areas 2002 2003 2003 2004 2004 2005 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 INSAT operational 172 114 100 108 114 122 Space Technology 261 330 401 403 431 587 Space Applications 51 56 65 82 91 103 Space Sciences 16 21 40 38 67 78 Administration and other plans 14 16 15 34 46 71 Entire US $ ( Million ) approx. 524 537 621 665 749 961 BMD Shield Pursuit of missile defense mechanism system has direct deductions on nature of infinite plan. Contrary to their earlier stance, Indian leading welcomes US determination to aˆÂ ¦ This displacement in stance and subsequent assorted statements clearly corroborate the bing grounds of chase of BMD system. India s involvement in missile defense mechanism dates back several old ages, though the chief focal point is on TMD.[ 34 ]In India US NMD is seen as straight impacting its national security in different ways. India perceives menace to its fatherland from short-range and intermediate-range missiles and BMD shield provides the solution.[ 35 ] In July 2000, Indian Defence Minister was critical of US NMD and considered it debatable in future[ 36 ]and a hebdomad subsequently gave an ambivalent response-saying that though NMD may change planetary atomic balance, it would non impact India s atomic plan.[ 37 ] India and Israel successfully negotiated incorporating the engineering of Akash and the Arrow-2, and besides the Rajendra radio detection and ranging with the Arrow-2 s Green-pine radio detection and ranging, which can track a missile from a distance of 300 kilometers.[ 38 ] Geostrategic Deductions India and Pakistan seemingly eschew the impression of the mobilization of infinite as it may take to dominance by some, an weaponries race and asymmetric responses by others. Like its instance to legalize the atomic arms plan, India will play the China card for prosecuting missile defense mechanism plan therefore fuelling a infinite race. Some Indian bookmans consider China s 2007 ASAT trial as a destabilising incident that can potentially get down a infinite race in Asia.[ 39 ] Future historiographers may good see Beijing s usage of a missile to destruct an old conditions orbiter as holding more permanent planetary impact than the Iraq war, commented International Herald Tribune on January 21, 2007 and similar concerns were raised by other sections of media.[ 40 ] The linkage is non China specific merely but the Indian strategic civilization takes a planetary position on security. America s continued qualitative and quantitative build-up entails expanded arsenal, multiple-warhead ( MIRVed missiles ) , and the acceptance of an watchful position. Consequently, Indians would comprehend such a alteration threatening and a build-up would get down, followed by a response from Pakistan-thus triping regional instability. Some American critics echo similar positions.[ 41 ]American indians argue that a China antagonised by American missile defense mechanism may pull even closer to Pakistan and speed up strategic cooperation with it.[ 42 ] In August 1999, India announced a bill of exchange atomic philosophy that declared that its atomic forces would be based on a three and that space-based and other assets shall be created to supply early warning, communications, [ and ] damage/detonation appraisal for this force.[ 43 ]This bill of exchange philosophy was updated in 2003 by another papers which shows that Delhi has been prosecuting many of the engineerings required for a atomic force that are already going available through the state s infinite plan.[ 44 ] India s infinite assets were developed for economic intents but have found some ( and offer the potency for farther military applications. The infinite applications that India developed in 1980s and 1990s could hold been purchased at a somewhat higher cost from international market-but it offers long term economic and technological benefits. The slightly limited capablenesss of India s infinite assets compared to those of the universe s major space-faring bureaus restrict New Delhi s public presentation and international fight but do non significantly take away from its modest economic, political, and military public-service corporation. India s infinite assets are now sufficiently advanced to heighten its atomic hindrance and strategic capablenesss. These technological promotions could good co-occur with, and farther facilitate, India s outgrowth as a major participant in the Asia-Pacific[ 45 ]in the short term. India s SLV plan and its other infinite assets provide New Delhi with a satellite-based reconnaissance and communications capableness. Such beforehand infinite capablenesss, combined with the modernization of India s conventional forces and the development of its atomic forces, can significantly act upon the strategic relationship between India, Pakistan and China-thus making broader security deductions for the Asia-Pacific part. It can be argued that presenting orbiters in to revolve make non necessitate the same truth that is needed in a MIRV but it can non be denied that India is doing betterments even if these are modest. The challenge faced by the Indian atomic scientists and missile applied scientists is to develop thermo-nuclear arms with miniaturised payloads and strong-small-lightweight missiles to present these. While development of missiles can go on unnoticed, proving thermonuclear arms will trip tit-for-tat response from Pakistan and has deductions for successful decision of CTBT that US will non wish to be derailed. The Pakistani response to American NMD and to the Indian involvement in missile defense mechanism has been negative. At the Cadmium in Geneva, former Foreign Secretary Inamul Haq argued that the creative activity of shields would do others to better their spears, which could rise tensenesss between major powers, endanger the planetary strategic balance and turn back the disarming clock. [ 46 ]The Pakistani position is in agreement with the Domino theory on NMD, which springs from a MAD-based perceptual experience that one adult male s missile defense mechanism is another s first-strike exposure. Brigadier ( R ) Naeem Salik noticing on BMD system s radioactive dust on non-proliferation wrote: The 2nd cause of concern for Pakistan is the possibility that, in position of the tarriance differences over BMD systems between US-Russia on the one manus and US and China on the other, there is a existent danger of perturbing the whole construction of the international nonproliferation government with obvious negative impact on the international security and stableness. Already these differences have brought to a practical arrest the advancement on the ongoing pact dialogues at the Cadmium at Geneva. In this respect we see the acceptance of a consultative attack to contract down the differences with the critics of the strategy, as is apparent from President Bush s dictum of May 1, 2001, as a positive development. Pakistan can merely trust that China s legitimate security concerns would be addressed before a concluding determination on deployment is taken by the US.[ 47 ] PAKISTAN S SPACE PROGRAM Vision On February 3, 2005 President Pervez Musharraf gave a vision statement for the SUPARCO during a visit to its Headquarters ( HQ ) . He envisioned SUPARCO to develop the capableness to do and establish different types of orbiters particularly communications orbiters, remote feeling orbiters, conditions orbiters, and so orbiters that would run into the demands of national security . He expressed the demand for autochthonal orbiter launch vehicles ( SLVs ) , gave a mark of 10-15 old ages to set a adult male in infinite and on the Moon and drawn-out authorities s full support.[ 48 ] Administration and Development[ 49 ] SUPARCO is the national infinite bureau of Pakistan and it was established in 1961 upgraded to the position of Commission in 1981 with the intent of peaceable geographic expedition and applications. SUPARCO is devoted to Research and Development ( R A ; D ) in infinite scientific discipline and infinite engineering for peaceable utilizations of outer infinite and socioeconomic upheaval of the state. Pakistan has developed three orbiters so far: Badr-1, Badr-B and Paksat-1. Badr-1 was Pakistan s first indigenously developed orbiter launched in 1990 on-board a communicating bundle to show the engineering. Badr-B was a indigenously built experimental orbiter launched in December 2001. It has four experimental warheads on-board i.e. CCD camera, storage and forwarding experiment, dosemeter and battery-end-of-charge sensing. Paksat-1, was a communicating orbiter, leased, relocated and parked at 380 East slot with the primary aim to protect the lone slot left for Pakistan in infinite to safeguard it strategic involvements. It has 30 C-and transponders on-board. FTR: Flight Test Scope IS: Industrial Services Information technology: Information Technology Seaborgium: Satellite Ground Station SPARCENT: Space Research Center IRS: Ionospheric Res Station SPARC: Sp App Res Center Spars: Sp App Res Station STW: Space Technology Wing SEW: Space Electronicss Flying SARW: Space Applications A ; Res Wing R A ; IW: Range A ; Instrumentation Wing IST: Institute of Space TechnologyNational Satellite Development Program The National Satellite Development Program ( NSDP ) comprises a communicating orbiter ( Paksat-1R ) to replace the bing leased orbiter, two remote feeling orbiter systems ( RSS-1 and 2 ) with lower limit 2.5m declaration and human resource development for the plan. The 1000 kilogram Paksat-1R is scheduled to be launched by May 2011 with a commissioning and operation scheduled in June 2011. The orbiter will hold a life span of 15 old ages and will be launched in geostationary orbit. It will run in C and Ku frequence sets for domestic coverage chiefly and will hold footprint coverage over Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Iran, Iraq, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, UAE, Saudi Arabia, western China, Meleagris gallopavo, Syria, Jordan, Somalia, Ethiopia, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Oman, Myanmar, Eretria and parts of Europe. SUPARCO s future communicating orbiter plans include PAKSAT-1R, PAKSAT-2R, PAKSAT-FR, PAKSAT-DR and PAKSAT-ER in C, Ku and Ka bands. Its meteoric plan includes polar orbiting and geostationary orbiters. In a four phased plan they plan to shoot 200 kg orbiters at 600-1000 kilometers height, followed by two phases of 500-800 kilogram orbiters and 1 ton and above orbiters. In the last stage, SUPARCO plans will establish 1 ton category orbiters of up to 36000 kilometer scope. In house Satellite Design and Development SUPARCO is actively prosecuting know-how in satellite development plan through design and development of a proto-type Remote Sensing Satellite-1 ( PRSS-1 ) that will be an electro-optical mission with a high declaration warhead. The orbiter will be launched in sun-synchronous orbit at 700 km height. Remote Sensing and GIS SUPARCO is prosecuting satellite distant feeling applications plans and have a orbiter land having station in Islamabad. The station acquires and disseminates SRS informations, provides proficient aid, conducts commercial undertakings, offers preparation and consultancy services and develops customised package and offers GIS database development. Satellite Ground Station, Islamabad s acquisition zone is shown on opposing map. The RS-GIS is involved in multiple undertakings that include national land usage program, appraising and function of Indus river inundation field, mapping Rhizophora mangle woods along the seashore of Pakistan, monitoring watercourses, GIS for Pakistan State Oil, harvest monitoring, dams site choice for WAPDA and route location of Chaman Kandahar railroad line for Pakistan railroads. Deductions of Pakistan s Space Program Four factors explain Pakistan s modest infinite plan and India s border in infinite engineering. One, economic jussive moods made infinite plan cost prohibitory. Two, unlike India, Pakistan s plan has suffered from weak scientific support base. Three, West s engineering denial attack weaponries trade stoppages and multi-layered and multi-faceted countenances earnestly impeded even the peaceable chase of infinite engineering. Finally, even if latter issues were surmountable, Pakistani leading likely valued its duties of the OST and the norms of PAROS worth maintaining. Otherwise, Pakistan could hold chosen to follow the attack it took for its atomic arms plan. As referred to above, Pakistan will be forced to develop autochthonal reconnaissance orbiters to augment its conventional defense mechanism capablenesss that hinge on keeping a believable minimal atomic hindrance. Amongst the states known to hold existent or possible ballistic missile development plans, India and Israel are rated as the most advanced in the Fieldss of infinite and missile engineerings. Pakistan has, in the last decennary or so, made considerable progresss in this field, and has acquired a proven missile capableness with the successful testing and initiation of a assortment of ballistic missiles and more late a sail missile.[ 50 ] Decision A comparative analysis of India and Pakistan s infinite plans reveals that India has a definite border in infinite engineering that Islamabad is easy seeking to fit. The mobilization and eventual weaponization of infinite will further corrupt the regional and planetary security environment at great economical cost. Since India links its military facet of infinite plan to US-Russia-China infinite competition, the latter will hold to do believable advancement towards CBMs and esteeming OST and PAROS. Pakistan s effort to come in the infinite race is linked to its care believable minimal atomic disincentive with India and like its atomic arms plan ; Pakistan will come in the nine instead covertly and reluctantly.